Classification and Characteristics of Oxides:

• Metal Oxides: Formed by metals and oxygen, featuring high melting points and good conductivity. Zinc oxide and copper oxide exhibit photocatalytic activity and are used in purification and energy applications.
• Transition Metal Oxides: Known for catalytic and electrochemical activity. Titanium dioxide is widely used in solar cells and air purification due to its photocatalytic properties.
• Rare Earth Oxides: Exhibit unique optical, magnetic, and electrical traits. Lanthanum oxide is used in LEDs and display technologies.
• Silicon Oxide: With excellent stability and insulation, silicon dioxide is key in semiconductors, solar cells, optical fibers, and glass.

Applications of Oxides:

• Electronics & Semiconductors: Used in dielectric layers, varistors, and gas sensors
• Energy: Fuel cell catalysts, battery electrodes, photocatalysts
• Optics: Transparent conductive oxides (TCO) for displays and solar cells
• Magnetics: Magnetic storage, memory devices, and spintronics
• Ceramics: Protective coatings, insulation, wear resistance